The human hand and brain’s unique design, with an opposable thumb, high sensory density, and the newly discovered endorestiform nucleus, enable precise dexterity for tasks like art and microsurgery, surpassing ape capabilities. These features, along with cognitive abilities like speech and artistic appreciation, lack evolutionary survival benefits and intermediate forms, suggesting a purposeful intelligent design, as reflected in Genesis 1:26.

Biogeography is the study of the distributions of living organisms. Biogeographers seek to discover what historical and ecological factors explain why a species lives in one particular area but not in another area. This article examines how the flood might have influenced the present patterns of distributions of various types of living organisms.

This section focuses on South American fossil vertebrates, excluding marine fish. Extinct families will be emphasized here, as living families were considered in Part 1.

Many families of vertebrates appear to have reached South America from the north, as would be expected as they dispersed from the ark after the worldwide flood. These include all the widespread families. Many other families are restricted to South America. Their biogeographical history is unknown.

In the early development of the theory of evolution by natural selection, two men stand out as having played a central role: Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. Both men traveled widely and were keen observers of nature. For both men, visits to islands played an important role in developing their understanding of nature. Darwin's visit to the Galapagos Islands is of special interest.

Changes in the distributions of fossil beetles in Pleistocene sediments provide further evidence that significant climatic change has taken place in post-flood times. Published in Origins v. 7, n. 2.