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B"NDpFHJLN4PU*Ri#S#X_r_6aa 1cb di 1un 0mcn 0 w^oo q_r 1tt 1hu 1u 1vvFvCxN`y+z|}~e0IFm 1 1/ . 1] 1 1k 1Wy5Ж 1 1@Ǚum R)p),'Sm'UUN Y35A[*!3T: 1Zo =!Y"' %L^ OIO#PS 1V 1BWW 0jZ D+[ 0[\u_d g1*rN[ty 0),U< 0 0 ńlQs 1  1U NC O.<Qĥ 0Q, 04Au 0CX Aw B C1 0K 0CQ 0'C׫ 0w,Y% UN\L| lT1ey $Q U N<U>-"k"I%'z* -%/1Y46 9C-FH~KL3N~PU NRKSU>[UUU>XX 72ZU>[V[U >S^^aU>ococococococococococococcce1RilPn.Qq2sPuxz }̀ x[(>!$E=1n=:Q)9 JYYY1^;:C?}KS:ZOK.>hO56qk@qmbM  ) j""A%(++./Z22222w 67:m=&@iBIFIFIFFIMMMMMQmGTGTGTMVYY[[]_3|a.ccccccc eeeeeeeLiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii B3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3m3mPmPmPmPmPmPm AQnTnTnTn 0Do D3^o^oZooooooooooo[rr4Fvzx1zz|{B9}؇UJVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV:ړ̗t;X-a=ˮ~55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555550;8]s%@5;r87f%*A%-<R%%=9<NEhp officejet d seriesT(,,,,T(0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($<6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman $Bwhebb%,`Bwgrkl. EUUEUEP*UE E-:i+00&$36o4Body Text  K<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS\  `&Times New RomanS  3|xkU $    52    _0 ` XXGuy,9.#XtX`#  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB  hXt    176    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  9=  W.Arndt,BibleDifficulties(St.Louis:Concordia,1932). 1#W+Xd#&$6<:footnote ref  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB  hXt    28    #XtX#  XXt ` ;d  #XtXV#  d    XXtd  Berkouwer,StudiesinDogmatics:HolyScripture,134.((3$ !      0   C !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB  hXt    206    #XtX#  XXt0 ` <d  #XtXW#  XXtd  #XtX#  XXtHd  DonaldG.Bloesch,TheTheologyofWordandSpirit:AuthorityandMethodinTheology  (DownersGrove,Ill.:InterVarsity,1992),195.(9 Z 6Times New Roman Regular*(238  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB  hXt    177    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  9=  W.Arndt,DoestheBibleContradictItself?(St.Louis:Concordia,1955).  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB  hXt    178  =      `  =  JohnW.Haley,AllegedDiscrepanciesoftheBible(GrandRapids,Mich.:BakerBooks,1977).  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB  hXt    179    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  9=  MillardJ.Erickson,TheChristianTheology,230233.  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB @     hXt    181    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  P=  EdwardJ.Young,ThyWordinTruth(GrandRapids,Mich.:Eerdmans,1957).  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB  hXt    182    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  9=  LouisGaussen,TheInspirationoftheHolyScriptures(Chicago,Ill.:Moody,1949). r !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB  hXt    183  =     0 `  =  Ibid.,214215. $ !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB @     hXt    184  =     0 ` E 0=  verettHarrison,ThePhenomenaofScripture,inRevelationandtheBible,ed.CarlF.H.Henry  (GrandRapids,Mich.:BakerBooks,1959).  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB @     hXt    185    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  P=  EdwardCarnell,TheCaseforOrthodoxTheology(Philadelphia,Pa.:Westminster,1959).  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB @     hXt    186    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  P=  DeweyBeagle,TraditionandInfallibility(GrandRapids,Mich.:Eerdmans,1973).  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB @     hXt    187    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  P=  MillardErickson,ChristianTheology,234.  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XBXXt#XtX#  hXt    188    #XtX#   hXt `  ~=  ݀Ibid.,235236.  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB @   XXt#XtX#  hXt    189    #XtX#   hXt `  =  ݀Ibid.,236237.  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB @   XXt#XtX#  hXt    190    #XtX#   hXt `  =  ݀Ibid.,238239. * !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XBXXt#XtX#  hXt    191    #XtX#   hXt `  ~=  ݀LewisandDemarest,IntegrativeTheology,vol.1,164.,| * Dutch _ $    5    _0 ` XXSincethelate19thcenturymostbiologistsrejectevidenceforintelligentdesigninnature.Two  examplestowardtheendofthe20thcenturyareNobellaureateJacquesMonad,Chanceand v Necessity(NewYork,NY:VintageBooks,1971)andRichardDawkins,TheBlindWatchmaker: < WhytheEvidenceforEvolutionRevealsaUniverseWithoutDesign(NewYork,NY:W.W. R Norton&Co.,1996).Atbestsomebiologistsspeakofapparentdesign,andattributeittonaturalcauses.Butmolecularbiologyhasdiscovered(1)thecomplexityofcells,whichareaveritablefactoryofmachinesprocessinginformation,anddiscovered(2)thecomprehensivecomputerlikebiochemicalgeneticinformationencodedonDNAmolecules.#XtX_#ԀXXtSeeathoroughexaminationin  j StephenC.Meyer, WordGames:DNA,Design,andIntelligence,inSignsofIntelligence:  V UnderstandingIntelligentDesign,eds.WilliamA.DembskiandJamesM.Kushiner(Grand    Rapids,MI:BrazosPress,2001),102117.#XtX#  $    13    _0 ` XXWilliamA.DembskiholdsaPhDinmathematics(UniversityofChicago)andinphilosophy  (UniversityofIllinoisatChicago)andisoneoftheleadersoftheIntelligentDesignMovement.HisbookTheDesignInference(Cambridge)isacomplexandtechnicalworkonstatistics,andthe < thesisofthatbookisgiveninpopularforminhisbookIntelligentDesign.Inithemakesa R compellingscientificcaseforintelligentdesigninnaturebyempiricalandlogicaldeduction.Assuchitoffersapowerfulreplacementfornaturalism.Dembskidemonstratesthatevolutionarybiologyneedstobereconceptualizedininformationtheoreticterms,sothatcommondescentrequiresthatcertaininformationalpathwaysconnectallorganisms,foronlyinformationbegetsinformation.MichaelBeheishisbookDarwinsBlackBoxpresentsacompellingcasefor  0 irreduciblecomplexityatthemolecularlevel,whichchallengesanypreevolutionarydevelopment#XtX`#XXtpriortothesecomplexmolecularmachines,fortheyrevealintelligentdesign,ratherthanrandom l   naturalcausation.WhenDarwinsaidthat manyandgraveobjectionsmaybeadvancedagainstthetheoryofdescentwithmodificationthroughnaturalselection,Idonotdeny(TheOriginof  H  Species,NewYork,NY:GramercyBooks,1979,1stpublishedin1859,p.435),hehadnoidea   whatmolecularbiologyandbiochemistrywoulddiscoveraboutthecomplexityofcells.#XtX#    h $    3    _XX0 ` ByinherentdesignIdonotmeandesignfoundinnaturallaws,whichwouldconfinethefocusto  naturalism,buttodesignempiricallydiscernedinnatureasthecreationofGod.#XtXS# $    33    _0 ` XXGuy,516.#XtX`#  $    2    _0 ` XXPapersbasedonbiblicaldatahavealreadybeengiven.Whatwehaveinmindhereisthe  importanceofScriptureasrevelationinourquest,forifitislessthanrevelation,orsomethingotherthatrevelation,thentheimportanceofitsuseiscalledintoquestion. 5hCEKQW]cioAutoList11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. X $    7    _0 ` XtXXXXXtInterpretationbybiblical/theologicalscholarsandscientistscanbewrong:(1)Galileowasright,  theCatholictheologianswerewrong;whereas(2)sciencehaschangeditsworldviewsfromPtolemaic,CoperniciantoEinsteinian.FromGodsperspectiveHeistheauthorofnatureandScripture,sothereisacoherencebetweentherealityfoundinboth,eventhougheachhasitsownareaofspecialization.WhenadvocatesofeithernatureorScripturepresenttheirviewofrealityasallthereistoreality,withtheotherscontributionruledoutfromthestart,weendupwithbothpresentingatruncatedviewofrealitythatdoesnotdojusticetototalreality.#_#ԀT ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#Somebiblical/theologicalscholarsmaystillbelieveevolutionteachesthathumansdescended  j  #XtX~#XXtdirectlyfromapes,butevolutionteachesthathumansandotherprimateshavedescendedfrom d differentevolutionarybranches,inwhichhumansandapesgobacktoacommonancestor.#XtXL#  $    35    _0 ` vXXGuyseemstoreadtheGenesisaccountwithnaturalisticassumptionsinsaying Creation  progressesfromlighttotheimageofGodinhumanity,fromthephysicallyelementarytothepsychosociallycomplex.6.HeasksifGenesis1tells ushowtheworldactuallybeganorwhatitmeans?6.Heoptsforpurposeandmeaning.8.But,doesitnotgiveusboth?Guyapproaches R  Genesis1tointerpretitinlightofsocalledempiricalscience.Hesays, Accumulatingempiricalevidenceregardingthehistoryoftheuniverse,planetearth,andliferaisesanobviousandunavoidableissue:howdoesthisevidenceaffectaninterpretationofGenesis1?7.HedoesntcometoGenesis12asdivinerevelationandaskhowweshouldinterprettheempiricalclaimsofnaturalisminthelightoftheGenesisaccount.ToGuyempiricalsciencehasmoreauthoritythandivinerevelation.#vXtX`#ԀvXXtSoitisimportantthatweevaluatetheauthenticityofempiricalclaimsby B  science.#vXtXP###37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  (O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#  $    275    _0 ` XXSeeNormanR,Gulley, BasicIssuesbetweenScienceandScripture:TheologicalImplicationsof  AlternativeModelsandtheNecessaryBasisfortheSabbathinGenesis12,Journalofthe v AdventistTheologicalSociety,vol.14#1,Spring2003,195228.#XtXa#  $    201    _XX0 ` SeeNormanR.Gulley,SystematicTheology:Prolegomena,vol.1,chapters12and13.#XtXU# U $    4    _0 ` XXByinherentrevelationIdonotmeanScriptureisrevelationinamagicalsense,butrevelationis  thecreationofGodinhumanlanguage,logicandliterature.#XtX_#Ԁ EhCEKQW]cioAutoList21.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(UhCEKQW]cioAutoList31.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(hCEKQW]cioAutoList61.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. hCEKQW]cioAutoList71.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. < $    223    _0 ` XXSeeNormanR.Gulley,SystematicTheology:Prolegomena(BerrienSprings,MI:Andrews  UniversityPress,2003),chapter13.#XtXa#  $    6    _0 ` XXSeeNormanR.Gulley,SystematicTheology:Prolegomena(BerrienSprings,MI:Andrews  UniversityPress,2003),vol.1. D $    101    _0 ` XXStanleyJ.Grenz,BeyondFoundationalism:ShapingTheologyinaPostmodernContext  (Louisville,KY:WestminsterJohnKnox,2001).#XtXa# ! $    81    _0 ` XXCompareAldenThompsonsviewofScriptureinhisbookInspiration:HardQuestions,Honest  Answers(Hagerstown,MD:ReviewandHerald,1991).ForanevaluationseeIssuesin v RevelationandInspiration,eds.FrankHolbrookandLeoVanDolson,(BerrienSprings,MI: < ATSPublications,1992).#XtX`# $    112    _XX0 ` SeemybookSystematicTheology:Prolegomena,chapter13.#XtXU# $    40    _0 ` XXAfterwhichwewillalsoconsiderothermattershepresents.#XtX`# $    68    _0 ` XXGuy,9#XtX`#  $    37    _0 ` XXRudolfBultmann, NewTestamentandMythologyinKerygmaandMyth:ATheological  Debate,ed.,HansWernerBartsch,trans.ReginaldH.Fuller(London:S.P.C.K,1964,1stET, v 1953),14(italicshis).#XtX`# & $    233    _0 ` XXseemySystematicTheology:Prolegomena,chapter15whichillustratesthishermeneutical  principle.#XtXa# $    202    _0 ` XXSeeNormanR.Gulley,SystematicTheology:Prolegomena,vol.1,chapter6.#XtXa#  $    38    _0 ` XXBultmann,KerygmaandMyth,45.SeealsoTheGiffordLecturesthatBultmanndeliveredatthe  UniversityofEdinburghin1955,whereeschatologyisconfinedtotheeverrepeatedcomingoftheHolySpiritinencounterstohumanexistencereplacingafinalcosmiccomingofChrist.ThisistheextentofthereinterpretationandreductionismofBultmannsexistentialhermeneutic.RudolfBultmann,HistoryandEschatology(Edinburgh:TheUniversityPress,1957).#XtX`# $    39    _0 ` XXBultmann,KerygmaandMyth,7.#XtX`#  $    63    _0 ` XXThisisnottodenythatthereisempiricalevidenceformicroevolution,foritisobservable,butit  istosaythattheempiricalnatureofmicroevolutionisassumedtobetrueinmacroevolution,whichisbeyondtheconfinesofempiricalscience.#XtX`# $    67    _0 ` XXGuy,13#XtX`#(ehCEKQW]cioAutoList41.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(uhCEKQW]cioAutoList51.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. % $    1    _0 ` XXSomescholarsinthismovement,whopersuasivelypresentthecaseforintelligentdesignin  nature,includePhilipE.Johnson,DarwinonTrial(WashingtonDC:RegneryPressInc.,1991); v ReasonintheBalance:TheCaseagainstNaturalisminScience,Law,andEducation(Downers < Grover,Ill:InterVarsity,1995),DefeatingDarwinismbyOpeningMinds(DownersGrove,Ill: R InterVarsity,1997),TheWedgeofTruth:SplittingtheFoundationsofNaturalism(Downers  Grove,Ill:InterVarsity,2000),WilliamA.Dembski,TheDesignInference:EliminatingChance  throughSmallProbabilities(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1998),ed.MereCreation, T  IntelligentDesign:TheBridgeBetweenScienceandTheology(DownersGrove,Ill:InterVarsity,  j 1999),ed.WithJamesM.Kushiner,SignsofIntelligence:UnderstandingIntelligentDesign  0 (GrandRapids,MI:BrazosPress,3rdprinting,2002,1st2001),andMichaelBehe,Darwins    BlackBox#XtX_#:XXtTheBiochemicalChallengetoEvolution(NewYork,NY:FreePress,1996).#XtXw#ԀXXtThecase l   fordesignhasbeenmadebeforeintheTeleologicalargumentforGodsexistenceinitiatedbyWilliamPaley(17431805),whoarguedfromdesigntoanintelligentdesignMaker,fromawatchtoaWatchmaker(comparethefiveproofsfortheexistenceofGodbyThomasAquinas(12251274),SummaTheologicatrans.EnglishDominicanFathers,5vols,Westminster,MD:Christian   Classics,1981,vol.1,1114),but#XtX#ԀXXttheabovebooksanalyzethedismissalofdesignbyevolutionary p  theoristsonphilosophicalgroundsandpresentapowerfulcaseforitsreinstatementonempiricalandlogicalgrounds.#XtX#(hCEKQW]cioAutoList81.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(hCEKQW]cioAutoList91.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(գEGMSY_ekqAutoList101.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(EGMSY_ekqAutoList111.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. M $    66    _XX0 ` Guy,10.#XtXT#XXtԀParenthesis agosupplied,asitseemsthewordrequiredtoreplacetheword old.#XtX# + $    274    _0 ` XXSeeNormanR.Gulley,ChristisComing(Hagerstown,MD:ReviewandHeraldPublishing  Assn.),1998),chapter5.#XtXa# $    77    _0 ` XXGuy,13.#XtX`#!EGMSY_ekqAutoList121.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. EGMSY_ekqAutoList131.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB0    82        hXt `     _          FritzGuy,ThinkingTheologically(BerrienSprings,Mich.:AndrewsUniversityPress,1999),10.#XtX#  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB0    83           hXt `    Ibid.,15.#XtX#  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB  0    84           hXt `    Ibid.,122.#XtX#  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB    85  0 `          hXt   Ibid.,137.SeealsoWoodrowW.Whidden, SolaScriptura,InerrantistFundamentalism,andthe  WesleyanQuadrilateral:IsNoCreedbuttheBibleaWorkableSolution?AndrewsUniversity v SeminaryStudies,vol.35,no.2,Fall1997),21226.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX  E1X` hp x (#XE 򀀀  86  ڀ      hXt0 ` ,                    O      Ibid.,98;Abouttheapostoliccommunityhesays, Whosereligiouslifewasthecontextforthe  writingoftheNewTestamentdocuments,131,132.#XtXG#  !  _  򀀀  87      j     hX0 `    #XtX,#  4    r  XXtIbid.,120.#XtX# H !  _XtXXX  B.` hp x (#XB  88           hXt0 `    #XtX, #  |      XXtIbid.,126.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX  򀀀  89           hXt0 `    #XtX,#  S      XXtIbid.,146.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    90      v     hXt0 `    #XtX,#  @    ~  XXtIbid.,147.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    91      v     hXt0 `    #XtX,#  @    ~  XXtIbid.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX  򀀀  92           hXt0 `    #XtX,#  S      XXtIbid.,127.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    93      v     hXt0 `    #XtX,#  @    ~  XXtIbid.,23.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    94      v     hXt0 `    #XtX,#  @    ~  XXtIbid.,22.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    95      v     hXt0 `    #XtX,#  @    ~  XXtIbid.,26.#XtX# " !  _XtXXX  򀀀  96           hXt0 `    #XtX,#  S      XXtIbid.,77,82.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    97      v     hXt0 `    #XtX,#  @    ~  XXtIbid.,176177.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    98      v     hXt0 `    #XtX,#  @    ~  XXtIbid.,160.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX  򀀀  99  0 `          hXt   #XtX,#  R      XXtIbid.,91.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    100      w     hXt `          \  FriedrichSchleiermacher,TheChristianFaith(Edinburgh:T&TClark,1928).#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    102    t    XXt `           Y                KarlBarth,ChurchDogmatics,13vols.(Edinburgh:T.&T.Clark,19361969).#XtX#  !  _XtXXX  B.` hp x (#XB  103           hXt `    #XtX#  XXt  #XtX#XXtGuy,#XtX#XXtThinkingTheologically#XtXP#XXt,10.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX 򀀀    104        hXt `   #XtX,#  o                )    g  XXtIbid.,127.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    105      q     hXt `    #XtX,#  ;    y  XXtIbid.,23.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    106      w     hXt `    #XtX,#  A      XXtIbid.,22.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX    107      w     hXt `    #XtX,#  A      XXtIbid.,26.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX  򀀀  108        hXt `   #XtX,#  k                %    c  XXtIbid.,77,82.#XtX#  !  _XtXXX  B.` hp x (#XB  109           hXt `    #XtX#XXtIbid.,176177.#XtX# _XtXXX      110      h     hXt `    #XtX,#  2    p  XXtIbid.,160.#XtX# K !  _XtXXX        113        hXt0 `     D                    <  GrantOsborne,TheHermeneuticalSpiral,AComprehensiveIntroductiontoBiblicalInterpretation  (DownersGrove,Ill.:InterVarsity,1991),289.#XtX#Ԁ(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular $    54    _XX0 ` Personalcorrespondence#XtXT#. $    70    _0 ` XXGuy,7#XtX`# ) $    64    _0 ` XXOneisremindedthatbiblicalcriticalmethodshavedonethesame.Eachnewonehascalledin  questionthepreviousone.Foradiscussionofthis,seeNormanR.Gulley, ReaderResponseTheoriesinPostmodernHermeneutics:AChallengetoEvangelicalTheology,inTheChallenge < ofPostmodernism:AnEvangelicalEngagement,ed.DavidS.Dockery(Wheaton,Ill:Victor R Books,1995),208238.Methodsofbiblicalcriticismhavebeenusedforlessthantwocenturies.TheygrewoutoftheEnlightenmentwithitscelebrationofhumanreason.Thesemethodsboughtintophilosophicalpresuppositionsthatconfinedbiblicaltruthtonaturalism,whichrejectedsupernaturalism,suchasmiracles,thedivinityofChrist,andtheSecondAdvent,tonamebutafew.Theseeventsdependuponthesupernaturalbreakingintotherealmofthenatural.Naturalismpresentsaclosedcontinuumofcauseandeffectinwhicheventsfollowlawsofpredictability.Thisispreciselywhatmethodologicalnaturalisminevolutionarytheoriesdoes"itrejectsanysupernaturalinbreakingintothenexusofcauseandeffect,relyingonthe lawofnaturalselectionthroughrandomchance.ItisasmallstepfromrejectingthemiracleofGodsact  H   increationtorejectinganyotherofHisactsinhumanhistory.Therelativeauthorityofhumanreasonisseeninthefactthatnewbiblicalcriticalmethodscriticizeformermethodsjustassubsequentscientificworldviewscriticizeformerones.#XtX`#XXtԀEvolutionarytheories,likemethodsof  biblicalcriticism,havesubjectedScripturetovigorouscriticism.ThisneedstobeunderstoodinthelightofthecosmiccontroversybiblicalworldviewinwhichSatancallsinquestionGodsWord(Gen3:16).#XtX# v $    111    _0 ` XXSeeapresentationandcritiqueoftheirviewsinNormanR.Gulley,SystematicTheology:  Prolegomena,chapter#XtXa#ԀXXt3.#XtX2# $    79    _0 ` XXGuy,5.#XtX`# $    78    _0 ` XXGuy,13.#XtX`# 7 $    57    _0 ` XXStephenToulmin,ForesightandUnderstanding:AnInquiryIntotheAimsofScience(NewYork:  Harper&Row,1963),17.#XtX`# Q $    58    _XX0 ` HansGeorgGadamer,TruthandMethod,trans.JoelWeinsheimerandDonaldG.Marshall(New  York:Crossword,1990,2ndrev.ed.,Germ.1960),96.#XtXT# GulleyRegneryInterVarsityDembskiKushiner BehePaleyTheologica vols edsBerrienscripturaworldviewsProlematicCopernicianGramercyCuvierAgassizBarrandeLyellMurchison m3ndeluvianSchafer$reconceptualizedSemlerAbhandlungfreierUntersuchung zurKirchen*TheologiegeschichteLeverenzNordenYarbrough Schleiermacher J.S.christlicheGlaube nachGrundstzenevangelischenKirchZusammemhangdargesteltBultmann FreiTillichStroupLindbeckBerkouwerGrenzKelseyBloeschGuntonnoncognitivePannenbergTractatusLogicoPhilosophicus inscripturatedpostmodernsneoorthodoxyEmmausRevealergraphe Psametanarrativeworldview SDApostmodernity"quasiscientificantirealistic psychosociallyBartschS.P.C.KGiffordSchlickCarnapFeiglNeurathpositivists(Mathematicological transempiricalempiricistsperformativeCarnellverifiabilityOlivetchristst=lod=t KJV eg. tohE bohEProvonsha y=mnumericals yomToulminGadamerWeinsheimerAnscomeTempletonAstruc megaPolanyiDockeryinbreakingmagisterium neuroscientistMacKayincarnational macroevolutiononlookingcreaturelymyihOlaElohiymHwElohimnonbiblicalrekullahEzekielRolstonfacticityDolsonWhiddenInerrantistcodebooktheosFranke"Foundationalism NIVekkaleoredescribedThomspsonHercus NebuchadnezzarLessingmulticulturalTheologizing Cross-CulturalMaryknollOrbis SCM&Epistemologically$phenomenological"inscripturationMcCready"inscripturatingchiasticWilley I]tspeakethTyndaleEerdmansWinfriedCourduanBroadmanHolmanKierkegaardquaerensintellectumDemarestanalogiaentisnaturaleRitschliansThomisticsyncretisticZondervanneoplatonicBonhoefferKuyper2religionsgeschichtlicheSchuleTroeltschToynbeeLateranecclesiamnullasalusthematizedRahnerMarechal KGngSchaffBolajiIdowuRaimundoPanikkarDartonLongmanimmanentismdebuteesWmMcClendon Ren)PacheHasel dy:BbeyadyaIybInnebiimAmittaiaybin nabiyaeybinnebiyay hwhyNehemiahya,ybinnebiyayka rb;DyrEb.DidibreyyhOilayn:doaAdonayqeopneustojtheopneustos aunneum rm;a hKo koh amarhKsocioculturalybiWtKKethubim NASBPhilippiansDavidic ArnoShechemHamorJehoshaphatwatchcareGleasonArndtHaleyMillardB. B.WarfieldharmonisticGaussenveretterrantistFoxwellsalvificAruanahAraunuhrn Joab$miscomprehension"substitutionaryAdvatistLasorSensusPleniorMcKim&inscripturationalmissiologicalMonologianProsologian TimmWholisticBoice RyleunfallenTurretinLangfordPinnockSociniansTalmagehermeneuticaprofanaThiseltonVanhoozerMalachiBereansorthotomeGaebeleinOTtalionisdiermhneuwdiermeneuoGarrettGrudem systematiciansBarthianEbelingLeitchipsiusSeaburyDanielicMerlingatomisticallycanonicallyTypologischeAuslegungAltenEvangelischeTheologietypologicalGoppeltDeutungNeuen Gerd MohnLampeWollcombeAllensonFairburnWagnallsFriedrichsenHabersohnBrubachertuposGlennySteigerungCocceianMarshian"hermeneuticallytupoj Ovrapoihseijtupondedeigmenon soi evntwovr ipoieseis oreisessiodexterammunus toumellontojmellontosChristology JEPDBalthasar Urs NilsYehudaRaddayHildersheimGerstenbergVerlagHABCBAABNCABCABABABC AB CDZephaniahadamahMalkuzhil ChristocentricEditricePontificioInsitutoBiblicoRhoadsMichieJoAnnaartformHendricksonMcKinlay intertexuality raah soteriologicalMoriahElencticMusgraveGigerPhillipsburg EzebiblicismgnosisColossiansRyken nkjvQuanbeckReumann&contextualizationLinnemannClendenin OdenPostcriticaleccelsiareformatareformanda $    42    _XX0 ` Guy,8.#XtXT# J $    59    _0 ` XXLudwigWittgenstein,PhilosophicalInvestigations,trans.,G.E.M.Anscome(NewYork:  Macmillan,1958,3rded.),89,1112,19,23,88,241.#XtX`# $    69    _0 ` XXGuy,7#XtX`#  $    72    _0 ` XXTheHebrewwordrekullahmeans tradingor peddlingreferringtogoodorgossip.Here  SatansspreadsgossipaboutGod,seeRichardM.Davidson, CosmicMetanarrativefortheComingMillennium,JournaloftheAdventistTheologicalSociety,11(2000)12:108.#XtX`#(EEGMSY_ekqAutoList171.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. $    80    _0 ` XXGuy,completelater#XtX`#  $    31    _0 ` XXSeemyarticle BasicIssuesbetweenScienceandScripture:TheologicalImplicationsof  AlternativeModelsandtheNecessaryBasisfortheSabbathinGenesis12,"Journalofthe v AdventistTheologicalSociety,vol.14,#1,Spring2003,195228whereIargueforthetheological < andscientificmethodstobothbescientificwithintheirownworldviews,logicandlanguagegamerules,asnotedbyanumberofscholars.#XtX`# $    73    _0 ` XXGuy,12,seefootnote47.#XtX`# $    50    _0 ` XXGuy,89.Seehisendnote#23,15.#XtX`# $    65    _0 ` XXScientistKlausDoseadmits, Morethan30yearsofexperimentationontheoriginoflifeinthe  fieldsofchemicalandmolecularevolutionhaveledtoabetterperceptionoftheimmensityoftheproblemoftheoriginoflifeonEarthratherthantoitssolution.AtpresentalldiscussionsonprincipletheoriesandexperimentsinthefieldeitherendinstalemateorinaconfessionofignoranceKlausDose, TheOriginofLife:MoreQuestionsthanAnswers,Interdisciplinary  ScienceReviews,13,1988,348.CitedinMichaelJ.Behe,DarwinsBlackBox,168.Currently  theIntelligentDesignMovementisdemonstratingwhy.#XtX`#XXtԀSeealsoscientistandphilosopher T   MichaelPolanyi, LifesIrreducibleStructure,Sciencevol.160,June1968;13081312.InHow d BlindintheWatchmaker?scientistNeilBroomsuccessfullyarguesthatphysicalandchemical * processesplustimedonotproducelife(7283).ConcurringwithBritishneuroscientistDonaldMacKay,Broompointstoinkonpaperasexplicablesimplyasa chemicalinteractionbetweenthemoleculesofinkdyeandthecellulosemoleculesinthewoodfibersfromwhichthenewsprintismade.Hecallsthisalowerleveldescription.Butifundermagnificationtheinkrevealsameaningfulmessage,thisinvolvesahigherlevelofexplanation(2845).DNAwithitsencodedmessageisacaseinpoint.#XtXm#ԀXXtScienceisunabletoexplaintheoriginofcomplexinformationfoundat  j the#XtX#ԀXXtcellularlevel.#XtX#XXtInformationbearingsystemscannotbeexplainedbyorconfinedwithinnatural  V physicalandchemicallaws.AsDembskiargues, onlyinformationbegetsinformationIntelligent  B  Design,183;for empiricalevidencefailstoestablishthereductionofintelligentagencyto l  naturalcausesIntelligentDesign,224.#XtX# $    74    _0 ` XXGuy,12,seefootnote48#XtX`# O $    11    _0 ` XXSeeWilliamA.Dembskis TheDemiseofBritishNaturalTheology,IntelligentDesign,7093.#XtX`#XtXXXtXXt  ComparePhilosophicalpositivismwiththelatermovementcalledLogicalPositivism;seefootnote##XtX-##XtXXXt#ԀXXt40.#XtX # ' $    41    _0 ` XtXXXXXtLogicalPositivismcameoutofaUniversityofViennaseminarconductedbyMoritzSchlickin  1923.ItcombinedthelogicalrigorofCambridgewiththepositivismofVienna.    ^new      new   C Themembers v (knownastheViennaCircle)includedMorrisSchlick,RudolfCarnap,VictorKraft,HerbertFeigl,andOttoNeurath,who,though primarilyscientistsratherthanphilosophers,    new      new  were R interestedinthephilosophyofscience.    new      new   C TheirconcernshadbeenlargelyshapedbyEinstein.They  thoughttheyweremodernbutwererather thelastspokesmenoftheEnlightenment.    new      &new  Q  C Theystood  ontheborderbetweenthechangefrommodernitytopostmodernity.Theenlargingviewofpostmodernitywouldquestionthenarrowviewofmeaningheldbythelogicalpositivists. ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#Hereisthewayitdeveloped.Claimingtohaveexclusiverighttotheempiricalscientificmethod,theViennaCirclesaidthereareonlytwotypesofmeaningfullanguage:(1)Mathematicologicaltruths,wherethepredicateisincludedinthesubject(suchasfiveminustwoisthreeortwoplustwoequalsfour).Nothingisaddedinthepredicatethatisnotalreadyunderstoodinthesubject.Theseareanalytical,oraprioristatements.Theyaresimplytruebecausetheyareobvious.(2)  H  Empiricaltruths,suchastheflowerinthevaseisdead,addsinthepredicatesomethingnotincludedinthesubject,andisconsideredasynthetic,oraposteriori,statement.Thesestatements   ortruthsareverifiablethroughsensedata.Someadherentsoflogical#XtX#ԀXXtpositivismcallthe J  movementlogicalempiricismbecauseoftheemphasisonempiricalverification. ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#Therefore,statementsthatdefineterms(analytical)orstatementswhichhavesensedatatoverifyorfalsifythem(synthetic)aretheonlytypesofmeaningfulstatements.Accordingtologicalpositivism,anyotherkindofstatementbesidesthemathematicologicalandempiricalstatementsarenonsense.Forthereareonlythreepossible#XtX #XXtԀ#XtX #XXtcategoriesoflanguage"empirical,apriori,and N emotive.     new       new  R C Theologyisplacedinthelattercategory.Thismeansthatlanguageusedabout d metaphysicsandtheologyis#XtXc #XXtԀ#XtX#XXtmeaningless.#XtX`#XXt*` (#` (# 0  0` (#(##XtX#XXtTounderstandtheimpactofanalyticalphilosophyontheology,wemustrememberthat  Kant"withhisrejectionofthetransempiricalrealmasopentosenseperceptions,andhisrejectionofcognitivepropositions"setthestageforthiskindofthinking.Becauseofhisenormousinfluence, manyreligiousphilosopherssincethetimeofKanthavecontendedthatGodisintellectuallyunknowable.#XtX/#XXt  #XtX#XXt` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#Areempiricistsbeingempiricalwhentheyrejectmetaphysicalstatementsasmeaningless? Amoreempirical,lessdoctrinaireapproachtolanguagewouldshowthattherearemanynoteworthyfunctionsoflanguagebesidestheanalyticandtheempiricallyinformative.Amongthesearetheimperative,performative,andinterrogativefunctionsofspeech.    *part      hpart  `V C Onthisbasishowcanthe   scientificmethodbeappraised?AsGordonR.Lewisnotes,referringtoEdwardJohnCarnell, Noexperimentcanverifyastatementaboutthevalueofthescientificmethod.#XtXi#XXt    part      /part  a C \!` (#` (# ..0  0` (#(##XtX#XXtThuslogicalpositivismconfinedtruthstatements,orstatementsofmeaning,toasmallpartoflife. "r" Allotherstatementsofpoetry,music,religion,andartwererenounced.Buthowcananyoneliveinsuchanarrowlyprescribedworld?Furthermore,thetheorycouldnotstandunderitsowntestforatruthstatement.Forhowcanatheoryoflanguagethatacceptsonlymathematicologicalandempiricalstatementsbetestedbythatstandard?Thiscausedthedemiseoflogicalpositivism,foritcouldnotliveuptoitsowntheory. ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(##XtX#XXtTheologicalpropositionstranscendhumanverifiability .z.Thereisnoempiricalevidenceformany #( ofthemajorpropositionsoftheology.Forexample,thefactthatGodiseternal,omnipresent,omnipotent,omniscient,andknowstheendfromthebeginningisbeyondhumanproof.ThebeliefthatJesuswasbornofavirgin,wasresurrected,ascendedtoheaven,andwillreturnagainisnot 2&!+  opentohumanverification.Thesematterstranscendthehumanbecausetheyhavetodowiththedivine.Itislikeaboyatthebeachwithhisbuckettryingtocapturetheocean.Thevastexpansecannotevenbeseenbytheboy,letaloneplacedinhisbucket. ` (#` (# A A0  0` (#(#Theologicallanguagetranscendsempiricalverification,notbecauseitismeaninglessbutbecauseitisfargreaterthanthehumanmethodstoanalyzeit.ThispointwascompletelymissedbyLogicalPositivism.Meaningfulcognitivelanguagecannotberestrictedtotheanalyticalandempirical.    Tm      m   C ItmakessensetospeakaboutGodscreativeactsinGenesis12inwaysthatare b  appropriatetoHistranscendencyovereverythinghuman.TouseGodtalkwhendescribingtheactsofhumansisnotappropriate.ButtouseGodtalkaboutGodisnotonlyappropriatebutnecessary. ` (#` (# .z- B  #XtX#XXt#XtX#XXt#XtX#XXt#XtX #XXt#`## #x # x ##!#  .ӍDangerofEmpiricalEvidenceӍC  v! 0  0` (#(#Logicalpositivismwaswrongtodismisstheologicallanguagebecauseitdidnotmeetitsempirical R  evaluation. Itoverlookedthefactthatthereisadangerofempiricalevidenceinthereligious |  realm.Theologicallanguagecanbeusedbycounterfeitprophets.InHisOlivettalk,Christrepeatedlywarnedagainstfalseprophets(Matt.24:11,24)andfalsechrists(Matt.24:5,#XtXO #XXtԀ24)even   thoughtheyareempiricallypresent.SuchfalseclaimscanonlybetestedifScriptureisdivinepropositionalrevelation(#XtX###XtXXXtW!#XXt1Thess5:2022;1John4:1;Isa8:20,James1:17;Deut18:2122;1 0  John4:232Pet1:21;Matt7:16,1820;Gal5:2223). ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(##$#    &new      R&new  #XtX$#XXtForsourcesandafullerpresentation,seeNormanR.Gulley,SystematicTheology:Prolegomena,    vol1,chapter2,5376.#XtX&##XtXXXt%#  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB    33           hXt `      _      IanT.Ramsey,Science,FaithandRevelation:AnApproachtoChristianPhilosophy,ed.BobE.  Patterson(Nashville,Tenn.:_Broadman_,1979),319.XtXL. ? $    9    _0 ` XXCharlesDarwinletter,citedbyHaroldCoffinwithRobertH.Brown,OriginByDesign  (Hagerstown,MD:ReviewandHerald,1983),447.#XtX_#  $    27    _0 ` XtXXXXXtGeorgeW.KnightIII, TheScripturesWereWrittenforOurInstruction,Journalofthe  EvangelicalTheologicalSociety,vol.39,no.1(March1996),313.Theparagraphsinthissection v containhisthinking(biblicaltexts),withadditionalinsightsadded.#`##XtX#  $    18    _0 ` XXFriedrichSchleiermacher,TheChristianFaith,eds.H.RMackintoshandJ.S.Stewart  (Edinburgh:T&TClark,1999edition,1steditionDerchristlicheGlaubenachdenGrundstzen v derevangelischenKirchimZusammemhangdargestelt,2ndedition,Berlin,1830.Schleiermacher < isthefatherofexistentialism.LiketheNewTestamentscholarBultmanninthe20thcentury, R Schleiermacherattemptedtoreachthethinkersofhisday,butdidsobyrejectingScriptureasrevelation.Biblicalandtheologicalscholarsdothesameinattemptingtoreachthescientificallymindedthroughdismissingtheliteral/historicalpropositionalrevelationofGenesis12.#XtX`#(EGMSY_ekqAutoList141.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(UEGMSY_ekqAutoList181.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.  !  _XtXXXB.` hp x (#XB    35           hXt `      _      GordonH.Clark,LanguageandTheology(_Phillipsburg_,N.J.:PresbyterianandReformed,1979),  6.XtX:ks81AutoList13  X ;1X` hp x (#;XXX  8.` hp x (#8  XXX'dxd8hs61AutoList1  X 8.` hp x (#8XXX  8.` hp x (#8  XXX  !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE  hXt    194    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  N=  AllegedlytheKoranwasverballydictatedtotheprophetMuhammadinthetraditionofIslam.  Christsdivinity,humanity,andsubstitutionaryatonementandresurrectionisdenied.f  !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE  hXt    195    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  <=  InAdvatistHinduismsGodisanimpersonalBrahman,andhumanindividualityisswallowedup  byaworldSoul.Buddhism,thatsplitofffromHinduisminthesixthcenturyB.C.,alsohastheindividualsoulmergedintheworldSoul,andGodisanimpersonalcosmicMind.Bycontrast,theGodofScriptureisapersonalGodwholovesanddesiresfellowshipwithHiscreatedbeings,andrespectstheirfreedomandbringsallofthisintotheprocessofrevelationinspirationilluminationinterpretation.Thereisfarmorethantheimpartationofknowledgeinvolvedinthisprocess.Godisnotmerelyawhollyother,sovereignbeingwhoremainsdetachedinthetransmissionofcognitivedata,usinghumansasiftheyweremachines.  !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE  hXt    196    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  N=  WilliamSanfordLasor, TheSensusPleniorAndBiblicalInterpretation,inAGuideto  ContemporaryHermeneutics:MajorTrendsinBiblicalInterpretation,ed.DonaldK.McKim v (GrandRapids,Mich.:Eerdmans,1986),51. p f $    34    _XX0 ` InhisTheReignofGod(BerrienSpring,MI:AndrewsUniversityPress,1985),99100;111113,#XtXT#XXt  AdventisttheologianRichardRicesupportsaliteralviewofcreation.ItisnotstatedwhethertheliterallanguageofcreationiscalledinquestionbyhisbookReason&theContoursofFaith < (#XtX#XXtRiverside,CA:LaSierraUniversityPress,1991).For,hesays, Asthecomplexvarietyof R materialsintheBiblereveals,thefundamentallanguage,orlanguages,ofreligionarethoseofsymbolicspeech"parable,narrative,myth,andmetaphor,tomentionsomeoftheprominentcategories.Occasionally,straightforwardconceptuallanguagemayappear,butthisistheexception...itisclearthatthecharacteristiclanguagesofreligiousexpression,asillustratedinbiblicalliterature,areimaginativeandsuggestiveratherthanliteralandconceptual.270. ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#Riceturnsawayfromsolascripturatoprimascriptura.93,asifScripturecannotinterpret    Scripture(solascriptura).Forhim, TheologyapproachestheBiblefromtheperspectiveof l   Christianfaith.ThespecificfocusoftheologicalattentionisnotsimplytheBible,buttheBibleasunderstoodandinterpretedbythecommunityoffaith89.#XtX?#XXtԀInhisconclusionhestates, Although  H  theBibleistheprinciplesourceandcriterionofChristianbeliefs,wediscoveredthattheologyinvolvesmorethanbiblicalexegesis.ItalwaysreflectsthedynamicexperienceoftheChristiancommunityaswell.286.Ricealsoincludes#XtX#XXthumanreasonaspublicsupportforChristianclaims, J  thecontributionofphilosophy197206,andseesgoodcomeoutofanunderstandinguseofthe `  historicalcriticalapproachtoScripture.8485.Bycontrast,ScriptureinterpretingScriptureisthebasisoftheologydesirousofbeingtruetoScripture,andallowsinternalbiblicalcontrolstointerpretScripturealongwithhistoricalgrammaticalexternalcontrols(asdocumentedlaterinthispaper).#XtX#ԀXXtThefaithoftheChristiancommunity(tradition,experience,reason)areevaluatedby (x Scripture.#XtXS # ' !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE  hXt    197    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  <=  StanleyJ.Grenz,TheologyfortheCommunityofGod(Nashville,Tenn.:Broadman&Holman,  1994),523. D !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE @   z  hXt    198    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  e=  (1)Thepurposeofthebookisfullycarriedout.GodgaveScripturetorevealHimselfandtolead  humanstosalvation.Scriptureiseminentlysuccessfulinaccomplishingthismission.Itisinerrantinitsabilitytodoso.ThisisamissiologicalviewofthepurposeofScripture.(2)ThefactthatScripturespeakssomuchaboutthesupernatural"withtheincarnationofChristtothisworld,miracles,and /  Hisresurrectionandascension"givesevidencethatwehaveinScriptureareflectionofasupernaturalGod.Thebiblicalworldview,withitscreationbyGod,thefallofhumans,theneedforChristtocomeandsavehumankind,andthefuturenewheavensandnewearthandeternallife,areallbeyondtheabilityofhumanstodisprove.BecausethatworldviewreflectsGodsselfrevelation,itcannotbeprovedaserrant.  !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE @   z  hXt    199  =     0 `  E=  MosesandJohn,thefirstandlastwritersofScripture,warnagainstaddingorsubtractingfromwhat  wasrevealedandtheywrote.Mosessaid, DonotaddtowhatIcommandyouanddonotsubtractfromit,butkeepthecommandsofthelordyourGodthatIgiveyou(Deut.4:2).Johnwrote, I Z warneveryonewhohearsthewordsoftheprophecyofthisbook:Ifanyoneaddsanythingtothem,Godwilladdtohimtheplaguesdescribedinthisbook.Andifanyonetakeswordsawayfromthisbookofprophecy,Godwilltakeawayfromhimhisshareinthetreeoflifeandintheholycity,whicharedescribedinthisbook(Rev.22:1819).Jesussaid, Itellyouthetruth,untilheavenandearthdisappear,notthesmallestletter,nottheleaststrokeofapen,willbyanymeansdisappearfromtheLawuntileverythingisaccomplished(Matt.5:18).Jesusalsosaid, Scripturecannotbebroken(John10:35). ` (#` (#  @  @ E1X` hp x (#XXE  0 ` RepeatedlyScripturesays,Godcannotlie(Num.23:19;1Sam.15:29;Titus1:2;Heb.6:18).BecauseallScriptureisGodbreathed(2Tim.3:16),ithastheimpressofitsauthor.Italsocannotlie.ItreflectsHim.NotonlyisallScriptureGodbreathed,itisalso usefulforteaching,rebuking,correctingandtraininginrighteousness,sothatthemanofGodmaybethoroughlyequippedforeverygoodwork(2Tim.3:1617).&$9 2 !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE  hXt    200    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  <=  RenPache,TheInspirationandAuthorityofScripture,trans.HelenI.Needham(Chicago:  Moody,1969),128129.(ju&10  8.` hp x (#8XXXf  f8.` hp x (#8XXX(v&11  8.` hp x (#8 X XXX    8.` hp x (#8XXX b !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE @      hXt    203    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  e=  BruceA.Demarest,GeneralRevelation:HistoricalViewsandContemporaryIssues(GrandRapids,  Mich.:Zondervan,1982).  !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE @     hXt    204    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  e=  AlbertoR.Timm, UnderstandingInspiration:TheSymphonicandWholisticNatureofScripture,  Ministry:InternationalJournalforPastors,vol.72,no.8(August,1999),1415.f i !  _XtXXXE1X` hp x (#XE @     hXt    205    #XtX,#   hXt0 `  S=  JamesMontgomeryBoice,FoundationsoftheChristianFaith:AComprehensiveandReadable  Theology(DownersGrove,Ill.:InterVarsity,1986),78.(%EGMSY_ekqAutoList151.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. $    60    _0 ` XXGuy,12#XtX`#(5EGMSY_ekqAutoList161.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular x $    30    _0 ` XXFromtheperspectiveofanecessaryexternaltool,Scriptureasliteratureisbestinterpretedbythe  historicalgrammaticalrulesasthenormalconventionrequiredforunderstanding,fortheyappropriatelyapproachScriptureasdivinerevelation.BycontrastthecriticalmethodsofbiblicalinterpretationignoretherealityofScriptureasdivinerevelationandarejustasmuchhumanideasforcedontoScriptureasthehumansideasofevolution.#XtX`#Ԁ $    61    _0 ` XXRandallW.Younker, Genesis2:ASecondCreationAccount?,inCreation,Catastropheand  Calvary:WhyaGlobalFloodIsVitaltotheDoctrineofAtonement,ed.,JohnTempleton v Baldwin,(Hagerstown,.MD:ReviewandHerald,2000),6978.#XtX`#XXtԀRatherthantwoauthorsfor < Genesis1(P)andGenesis2(J),ChristcitesGenesis1:27andGenesis2:24asbothMosaic(Mark10:69;Matt19:45)#XtX#XXt,soanyallegeddifferencebetweenGenesis1and2cannotbeattributedto  differentauthors,ashistoricalcriticalscholarshipclaimed.Gen2:4statesthatcreationwascompleted,yetGenesis2:5specifiesfour#XtX#ԀXXtthingsthatdidnotyetexist( noshrubofthefieldhad T  yetappearedontheearthandnoplantofthefieldhadyetsprungup;theLordhadnotsentrainontheearthandtherewasnomantoworktheground).Eachofthefourspeakaboutwhatitwillbelikeaftersinenterstheworld,andsoareconnectedwiththefallinGenesis#XtX#XXt3.EventheHebrew    botanicaltermsinGenesis1:1112andGenesis2:5aredifferent,thelatterbeingthornyxerophytesduetosin(cf.Gen3:18).The plantsofthefield(Gen2:5,3:18)aregrownthroughlaborbecauseofthefallanditseffectsoncreation(Gen3:17).BeforesinAdamandEvemerelyworkedthegarden,aftersintheyworkeditthroughpainfultoil(Gen3:17b,19).Raindidntcomeuntilthetimeoftheflood,andasaresultofhumansin(Gen7:3,12).#XtX#XXtԀSoaftercreationwas   completed(Gen1)therewerenosignsofsin,nocursedearth,nochangesinplants,notoilingman,andnorain.Therearenocontradictionsinthesefuturerealitiesduetosinwiththesinlesscreationthatwaspronounced verygoodinchapter1(v.31).#XtX#ԀXXtL ` (#` (# 0  0` (#(#ItseemsthatGuysrelegationofGenesis12tothecategoriesofspiritual/theological(asnonliteral/nonhistorical),stemsfromhisacceptanceofthenaturalworldviewasempirical/scientific.Inotherwordshelookstothenaturalisticprocessinbiblicalproduction(ashedoesinevolution),callinginquestionthesupernaturalisticworldviewofScripture.So,philosophically(whether :  realizedornot)GuyseescontradictionsinGenesis12becausetheyarejustaspossibleintherealmofmultipleauthorsasevolutionispossibleintherealmofmultiplelinesofdescent.ButfromthesupernaturalisticworldviewofGenesis12bothmultiplesareruledoutbytheinternalevidenceofScripture.#XtX9 # E $    173    _0 ` XtXXXXXtCharlesAugustusBriggs,InauguralAddressandDefense (NewYork:ArnoPress,1972).#a##XtX#  $    137    _0 ` XXBesidesFritzGuyin InterpretingGenesisOneintheTwentyfirstCentury,Spectrum.Vol.31,  #2,Spring2003,thereisFrederickE.J.Harder, TheologicalDimensionsofCreation,inCreationReconsidered,ed.,JamesL.Hayward(Roseville,CA:AssociationofAdventistForums, < 2000).#XtXa# $ $    164    _0 ` XtXXXXXtPache,TheInspirationandAuthorityofScripture,3540.#a##XtX# ~ $    32    _0 ` XXEventhoughGenesis12hasnothingtosayaboutscience,itistobeunderstoodfirstwithinthe  authorityofbiblicalrevelationwithitsscientifichermeneuticofsolascriptura,wheretheentire v contextofScriptureoncreationcorroboratestheimmediatecontextualunderstandingofGenesis12.HencethecontextforunderstandingtheGenesis12isthecanonofdivinerevelationratherthanthesecularcontextofscience.#XtX`# G $    138    _0 ` XXRoyBranson, GeorgeMcCreadypriceWasMadefortheSabbath,NottheSabbathforGeorge  McCreadyPrice,inCreationReconsidered#XtXa#.&$7<v:Body Text In  8.` hp x (#8 X XXXf    f8.` hp x (#8XXX $    49    _0 ` XXDavidson, TheBiblicalAccountofOrigins,443.#XtX`#(2C$ !  o&"D&raw Object Text <C HKKKK1  ddd&ju$8  8.` hp x (#8XXXf  f8.` hp x (#8XXX(2C$ !  ($      $    53    _XX0 ` ContextdecidesthemeaningoftheHebrewwordforday(yom).Forexample: Thisisthe  accountoftheheavenandtheearthwhentheywerecreated(Gen2:4).Theword wheninHebrewisy=m,meaninginthedaytheywerecreated"day=sixdays. Afloodwillcarryoffhis < house,rushingwatersonthedayofGodswrath(Job20:28).Day=periodofGodswrath. Likethecoolnessofsnowatharvesttime(Prov25:13).Time=periodoftime.Increationweekthesixdaysaredesignatedwithinthetimeofaneveningandamorning(Gen1:5,8,13,19,23,31),#XtXT#XXtandtheseventhday(Gen2:23)istheSabbathofthefourthcommandment T  (Exod20:811).#XtX/#  $    136    _XX0 ` Thereaderisdirectedtochapter7ofmySystematicTheology:Prolegomenaforanindepthlook  attheappropriatefunctionofthehumanprophetsandapostlesintheirwritingofScripture#XtXU#.#XtXXXt#&$2  !  _XtXXXK7e9eA IQY "XK    144   4  XtXhXt   XtXhXt  hXt  i  JohnCalvin,Commentaries,vol.19,19.#XtXJ#  $    35    _0 ` XXGuyseemstoreadtheGenesisaccountwithnaturalisticassumptionsinsaying Creation  progressesfromlighttotheimageofGodinhumanity,fromthephysicallyelementarytothepsychosociallycomplex.6.HeasksifGenesis1tells ushowtheworldactuallybeganorwhatitmeans?6.Heoptsforpurposeandmeaning.8.But,doesitnotgiveusboth?Guyapproaches R  Genesis1tointerpretitinlightofsocalledempiricalscience.Hesays, Accumulatingempiricalevidenceregardingthehistoryoftheuniverse,planetearth,andliferaisesanobviousandunavoidableissue:howdoesthisevidenceaffectaninterpretationofGenesis1?7.HedoesntcometoGenesis12asdivinerevelationandaskhowweshouldinterprettheempiricalclaimsofnaturalisminthelightoftheGenesisaccount.ToGuyempiricalsciencehasmoreauthoritythandivinerevelation.#XtX`#ԀXXtSoitisimportantthatweevaluatetheauthenticityofempiricalclaimsby B  science.#XtXP# O $    139    _XX0 ` JackW.Provonsha, TheCreation/EvolutionDebateintheLightoftheGreatControversy  BetweenChristandSatan,inCreationReconsidered.#XtXU# $    44    _0 ` XXNeilBroom,HowBlindIstheWatchmaker?144#XtX`#. $    75    _0 ` XXGuy,11#XtX`#  $    35    _0 ` XXGuyseemstoreadtheGenesisaccountwithnaturalisticassumptionsinsaying Creation  progressesfromlighttotheimageofGodinhumanity,fromthephysicallyelementarytothepsychosociallycomplex.6.HeasksifGenesis1tells ushowtheworldactuallybeganorwhatit <  means?6.Heoptsforpurposeandmeaning.8.But,doesitnotgiveusboth?GuyapproachesGenesis1tointerpretitinlightofsocalledempiricalscience.Hesays, Accumulatingempiricalevidenceregardingthehistoryoftheuniverse,planetearth,andliferaisesanobviousandunavoidableissue:howdoesthisevidenceaffectaninterpretationofGenesis1?7.HedoesntcometoGenesis12asdivinerevelationandaskhowweshouldinterprettheempiricalclaimsofnaturalisminthelightoftheGenesisaccount.ToGuyempiricalsciencehasmoreauthoritythandivinerevelation.#XtX`#ԀXXtSoitisimportantthatweevaluatetheauthenticityofempiricalclaimsby   science.#XtXP# $    46    _0 ` XXNeilBroom,HowBlindIstheWatchmaker?158.#XtX`#  $    47    _0 ` XXDarwinsterm naturalselectionwasnotmeanttoimplyintention,#XtX`#XXtԀ(OriginofSpecies,chapter4,  eg., insensiblyworking133,cf. secondarycausesor lawsimpressedonmatterbytheCreator458,whichseemcontradictory).InNeoDarwinianstudyselectionisaninternalevent < withinevolution,andnotexternalfrombeyondtheprocess(asinGod).##Ԁ#XtX#XXtAtheisticevolutionists R denyanyintelligenceoperatingthroughthematerialprocesses.Theirassumptionthatamaterialprocessdesiresselfimprovementisillogical,forhowcanimpersonalforcesbeendowedwithintelligentfunctionswithinapurelymaterialisticworldview?TheisticevolutionistshaveGodasthepersonalintelligentpresenceworkingwithinapurelymaterialisticworldview,whichisequallyillogicalforitignoresthemutuallyexclusivedomainsofthepurelymaterialisticworldviewandthesupernaturalisticworldview.#XtX#XXtԀScientistNeilBroomrightlybelievesthat thetermnatural    selectionshouldberemovedfromtheworkingvocabularyofevolutionarytheory.HowBlindIs l    theWatchmaker?169.#XtXU#XXtBroomprovidesacompellingcritiqueofnaturalismonthebasisof d intentionalityinnature.Seehischapter10, HowNaturalIsNaturalSelection?159169.#XtX#  $    12    _0 ` XXTheremayhavebeenaremnantofGodinhis1859OriginofSpecies( thelawsimpressedon  matterbytheCreator458),butthispassingcommenthadnodetermininginfluenceonhistheorythroughoutthebook,whichwasnaturalratherthanGodselection.#XtX`#  $    62    _XX0 ` Onecandistinguishtwotypesofmeaningtotheword empiricalwhenappliedtoscience:(1)  thatwhichcanbeobservedinthelabthroughreplication,and(2)thatwhichisassumedinaphilosophicalextrapolationofthisreplicabledataacrossmegatime,whichisimpossibleforanyhumanobservertoreplicate,andhenceitismetaphysicalandnotempirical.Eventhefirstinterpretationof empiricalhastobeunderstoodinaqualifiedsense.ScientistNellBroom,inhisbookHowBlindistheWatchmaker?:NaturesDesign&theLimitsofNaturalisticScience  (DownersGrover,Ill:InterVarsity,2001),convincinglyarguesthatscientificknowledgeisoftenfragmented,foritisanabstractionfromreality.Forexample,#XtXT#XXtԀinstudyingacomplexsystemitis  j necessaryforthescientisttochooseamanageablepartofthesame.Sotounderstandthecomplexfunctioningofbodyjointsaverysmallsampleofcartilageisshavedfromthejoint,andthenstudiedunderanelectronmicroscopeonthelabtable.Itistruethatthisthinsliceofrealcartilagecanbestudiedverywellunderthepowerfulelectronbeam,butitistwostepsawayfromitsnativereality:(1)itisdead,and(2)itisonlyameresliceoftherestofitinitslivingenvironment.Soatbestitisnotthefullrealitythatisbeingstudied.3033. ` (#` (#   0 ` Theotherfactoraboutscientificempiricalobjectivity#XtX#ԀXXtisitcanbelessthanobjectivebecause   observationisinterpretedthroughassumptionsbroughttoitbytheobserver(KarlPopperandMichaelPolanyi).SeeKarlPopper,ObjectiveKnowledge:AnEvolutionaryApproach(Oxford, 6  London:UniversityPress,1979)andMichaelPolanyi,Science,FaithandSociety(Chicago,Ill: L  UniversityPress,1966),PersonalKnowledge(Chicago,Ill:Universitypress,1962).#XtX#ԀXXtGuyrightly  notesthatallobservingis theoryladen10#XtX #,XXtandtothatdegree empiricalmaybelessthanit  shouldbeinscience,whichwouldhavebeenagoodplaceforhimtobeginquestioningsocalledempiricalscienceinthelightofdivinerevelation.#XtX #XXtSeealsofootnote#63below.#XtX #(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular  $    71    _0 ` XXItistruethatthecreationofAdamandthecreationoftheGodmanaretwouniquebutdifferent  levelsofGodscreativeability.BothspeakofGodsawesomegiftstohumankindasCreator.NeithergivehintthatGodneededhelp.InbothHecreatedoneintheimageofGod(Gen1:2627),andOneintheimageofman(Heb2:14).GodwasnotdependentuponanythingpreexistingtoaccomplishHiscreation,forthepreexistenceofthedivinityofChristiseternallyuncreated.AdamandEveformedbytheFatherthroughChrist(Heb1:2),andChristbornoftheHolySpirit(Matt1:20)areequallyindescribableandinexplicablemysteriesthatindicatetheinfinitegulfbetweenthepowerfulCreator(b#XcUXb`#myihOla#XtXXXcU`#XXtElohiym,31timesinGenesis1)andHislovingnearnessin  j creatinghumans(b#XcUXb#Hw;(hy>#XtXXXcUW#XXtYahweh,3timesinGenesis2;YahwehElohiym,5times),andinbecoming  < alsohuman(John1:1,14).Justassalvationisagiftwithouthumanworks(2ndAdam)socreation    isagiftwithoutanyevolutionarycontribution(1stAdam).ForGodsspeakingwithimmediate    responseincreatinginGenesis1isappropriatetotheElohimGodwhodidthecreating.Itis J   illogicalforsuchanallpowerfulGodtobedependentuponbillionsofyearsofanimaltorturetoaccomplishHiswork,andyetinviteAdamandEvetokeepaliteralSabbath,astheseventhdayofHispowerfulcreationofalltheworldanditsheavenlyenvirons.#XtX#  $    45    _XX0 ` Seesourcesinfootnote#1,particularlyWilliamA.Dembski,IntelligentDesign,NeilBroom,  HowBlindIstheWatchmaker?#XtXT#XXtԀandMichaelBehesDarwinsBlackBox.#XtX;#XXtԀCells,withtheir v molecules,arethe bedrockofnature.Onecannotgolower.Theyarethe groundleveloflife.Cellsarecomplex.Thereisnosimplicitypriortothecell.Socellsareirreduciblycomplex.Irreduciblecomplexitydeniesagradualevolutionarydevelopment.Thismeansthatnaturalselection,tohaveanymeaning,requiresacceptanceofafullyfunctionalacquisition.Evolutionarytheoryhasnoempiricalevidenceforhoweachpartbecamefullyfunctional,andthuscomplex.Ifthereiscomplexitybeforenaturalselectioncanmeaningfullytakeplace,thiscallsevolutioninquestion.Someexamplesofirreduciblecomplexityare(1)cellscontainingthousandsofdifferentkindsofproteins,eachassignedaspecifictask,suchas:thenucleusforstorageofDNA,themitochondriawhichproduceenergyforthecell,the_endoplasmic_Ԁreticulumwhichprocessesproteins,theGolgiapparatus,ashuntoffstationforproteinstobetransportedout,the_lysome_garbagedisposalunit,andthe_peroxisome_Ԁwhichhelpsmetabolizefats(Behe102).(2)Aciliumcontains200differentproteinsandisacomplexmotorengineeredwithmanypartsinplaceinorderforittofunctionasprecisionequipment,and(3)thecoagulationcascadeinblood,withitsmanycomponents.Therearemanyotherexamplesofcomplexitythatpresentafullyfunctionalsystems/machinesthatareirreduciblycomplex.Functiondoesnottakeplacewithinthetheoryofgradualism,forpartofasystemisnobetterthanaboatwithoutanoar,asteering_mechanism,and_watertonavigateetc.#XtX# r $    10    _0 ` XXDarwinapparentlybelievedthattheGenesiscreationaccountteachesthefixityofspecies,which  itdoesnt.#XtX`#ԀXXtTheHebrewwordm3n,meaning afteritskind,occurstentimesinGenesis1(vs.11 v 12,21,2425). Afteritskinddoesnotruleoutmultipliedspeciesappearingthroughouttheinterveningyearssincecreation(orvariationwithinkinds)butitrulesoutthattwodogswillcan (x givebirthtoacat,forexample(avariationbetweenkinds).Thisboundarybetweenkindsthat > Scriptureteachesispreciselywhatevolutionarytheoryignoresinitsallegeddescentthroughthekinds,fromthesimplesttothemostcomplex.Thisiswhyrepresentativesofeachkind,andnotallthemultiplicityofspecieswithineachkind,couldbehousedinthedimensionsoftheark(Gen6:1516)#XtX'#XXtԀintheglobalflood(Gen7:4,1923#XtXm#XXt)#XtX#XXtԀwithoutanyproblemforthemultiplicityofspeciesto  V continueinthepostdeluvianworld.IfDarwinhadstudiedhisHebrewasmeticulouslyashedid#XtX#XXtthevariationsofspecies,hewouldhaveunderstoodthathisfindingsdidnotcorrecttheGenesis    creationaccount(heonlycorrectedthemisguidedinterpretationofGenesis.Neitherwouldhehavefoundevidenceingeologyfortheextinctionofspeciesthatsupportsevolution,butevidenceforaglobaldestructionofallthingsoutsidethearkinthefloodaccountofGenesis69).Hewouldhavebeensparedallhiseffort,andotherssparedthedismissalofScripturebysciencethathasensuedeversince.ForagoodrecentarticleonM3n,seeA.RachelDavidsonSchafer, The p  KindsofGenesis1:WhatistheMeaningofM3n?,JournaloftheAdventistTheological 6   Society,vol14,#1,Spring2003,86100.#XtX#  !  _XtXXXK7e9eA IQY "XK    140  XXt0 4  XtX   XXt  ThomasPaine,TheAgeofReason(NewYork:Willey,1794),8.#XtX#  !  _XtXXXK7e9eA IQY "XK    141   4  XtXhXt   XtXhXt   XtXhXt   JXtXhXt          XXtIbid.,9.#XtXE#  !  _XtXXXK7e9eA IQY "XK    142   4  XtXhXt   XtXhXt   XtXhXt   JXtXhXt          XXtIbid.,40.#XtXE# $    76    _XX0 ` Guy,8.#XtXT#  !  _XtXXXK7e9eA IQY "XK    143   XtXhXt  hXt0 4  XtX  #XtXXXt#XXtI.HowardMarshall,#XtX#XXtTyndaleNewTestamentCommentaries#XtX#XXtԀ(GrandRapids,Mich.:Eerdmans,1988),  5.239.#XtXO# $    55    _0 ` XXGuy,8.#XtX`#  $    56    _0 ` XXEventherepetitionoftheSabbathcommandwithitsadditionalmeaningandpurpose(celebrate  liberationattheRedSea"restfromenemiesDeut5:15)isprefacedbyreferencetotheSabbathasaholydayofrestfollowingsixdaysofwork(Deut5:1214),baseduponthecreationholySabbathfollowingsixdaysofcreation(Gen2:12).#XtX`#  !  _XtXXXK7e9eA IQY "XK    145